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Improved water source

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An improved water source (or improved drinking-water source or improved water supply) is a term used to categorize certain types or levels of <a href="Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> for monitoring purposes. It is defined as a type of water source that, by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is likely to be protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with <a href="Human_feces" title="Human feces">fecal matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

The term was coined by the <a href="Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> of <a href="UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> and <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards Goal Number 7 of the <a href="Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> (MDGs). The opposite of "improved water source" has been termed "unimproved water source" in the JMP definitions.

The same terms are used to monitor progress towards <a href="Sustainable_Development_Goal_6" title="Sustainable Development Goal 6">Sustainable Development Goal 6</a> (Target 6.1, Indicator 6.1.1) from 2015 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Here, they are a component of the definition for "safely managed drinking water service".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_SDG_period_(2015_to_2030)">During SDG period (2015 to 2030)</h3></div>

Indicator 6.1.1 of SDG 6 is "Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services". The term "safely managed drinking water services" is defined as: "Drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from fecal and priority chemical contamination".<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a>

In 2017, the JMP defined a new term: "basic water service". This is defined as the drinking water coming from an improved source, and provided the collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round trip. A lower level of service is now called "limited water service" which is the same as basic service but the collection time is longer than 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a>

Service levels are defined as (from lowest to highest): <a href="Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a>, unimproved, limited, basic, safely managed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a>

<th colspan="2" scope="col" width="1">JMP Drinking water ladder

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<td>Safely Managed

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<td>Basic

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<td>Limited

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<td>Unimproved

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<td>Surface Water

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<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washdata.org/monitoring/drinking-water">source</a>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_MDG_period_(2000_until_2015)">During MDG period (2000 until 2015)</h3></div>

To allow for international comparability of estimates for monitoring the <a href="Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> (MDGs), the <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>/<a href="UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> <a href="Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> defines "improved" drinking water sources as follows:

<ul><li>Piped water into dwelling<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Piped water into yard/plot<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Public tap/<a href="Standpipe_(street)" title="Standpipe (street)">standpipes</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Tubewell/<a href="Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">boreholes</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Protected <a href="Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">dug wells</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Protected <a href="Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a> (normally part of a <a href="Spring_supply" title="Spring supply">spring supply</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li><a href="Rainwater_harvesting#Domestic_rainwater_systems" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater collection</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li><a href="Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a>, if the secondary source used by the household for cooking and personal hygiene is improved<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li></ul>

Water sources that are not considered as "improved" are:

<ul><li>Unprotected <a href="Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">dug wells</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Unprotected <a href="Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Vendor provided water<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Cart with small tank/drum<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Bottled water, if the secondary source used by the household for cooking and personal hygiene is unimproved<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Tanker-truck<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li>

<li>Surface water<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606072534/http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/introduction/">"WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation"</a>. JMP website, WHO - UNICEF. Geneva, New York. June 10, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/introduction/">the original</a> on June 6, 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unicef.org/resources/progress-drinking-water-sanitation-hygiene-2017-update-sdg-baselines/">"Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. 2017 update and SDG baselines"</a>. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2017. p. 8.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-14">o</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003014620/http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/">"Improved and unimproved water sources and sanitation facilities"</a>. JMP website, WHO - UNICEF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/">the original</a> on October 3, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2012.</cite>

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